Methods of forming bipolar junction transistors having trench-based base electrodes

ABSTRACT

Bipolar junction transistors utilize trench-based base electrodes and lateral base electrode extensions to facilitate the use of preferred self-alignment processing techniques. A bipolar junction transistor is provided that includes an intrinsic collector region of first conductivity type in a semiconductor substrate. A trench is also provided in the substrate. This trench extends adjacent the intrinsic collector region. A base electrode of second conductivity type is provided in the trench and a base region of second conductivity type is provided in the intrinsic collector region. This base region is self-aligned to the base electrode and forms a P-N rectifying junction with the intrinsic collector region. An emitter region of first conductivity type is also provided in the base region and forms a P-N rectifying junction therewith. To reduce lateral dimensions and reliance on critical photolithographically defined masking steps, the base electrode is formed to have a lateral base electrode extension that extends along a surface of the substrate. When formed, both the base region and emitter region are self-aligned to the base electrode extension. A trench insulating layer is also disposed in the trench, between the base electrode and the intrinsic collector region. The base region is also configured as an extrinsic base region of second conductivity type that is self-aligned to the base electrode and an intrinsic base region of second conductivity type that is self-aligned to a sidewall of the base electrode extension. The emitter region is also preferably self-aligned to the sidewall of the base electrode extension.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to Korean Application No. 98-47656, filed Nov. 7, 1998, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to integrated circuit devices and methods of forming integrated circuit devices, and more particularly to bipolar junction transistors and methods of forming bipolar junction transistors.

2. Background of the Invention

Attempts to develop bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) having higher operating speeds than conventional silicon-based bipolar junction transistors have led to the development of GaAs-based BJTs and heterojunction bipolar junction transistors (HBTs). However, the use of materials such as GaAs and the formation of HBT devices typically increases the complexity and cost of fabricating BJTs.

To address these limitations associated with GaAs-based BJTs and HBTs, continuing attempts have been made to develop silicon-based BJTs having improved electrical characteristics (e.g., higher operating speeds). For example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,996 to Neudeck et al., entitled “Triple Self-Aligned Bipolar Junction Transistor”, self-alignment techniques have been developed to reduce fabrication complexity and reduce reliance on critical photolithographically defined masking and patterning steps. Recent attempts to develop self-aligned BJTs have also included the design of vertical and lateral scaling and base resistance reduction techniques. For example, a vertical scaling technique is disclosed in an article by Takashi Uchino et al., entitled “15-ps ECL/74-GHz f_(T) Si Bipolar Technology”, IEDM Technical Digest, pp. 67-70 (1993). A lateral scaling technique is also disclosed in an article by A. Pruijmboom et al., entitled “18 ps ECL-Gate Delay in Laterally Scaled 30 Ghz Bipolar Transistor”, IEDM Technical Digest, pp. 825-828 (1994). A base resistance reduction technique is disclosed in an article by C. Yoshino et al., entitled “A 62.8 GHz f_(max) LP-CVD Epitaxially Grown Silicon Base Bipolar Transistor with Extremely High Early Voltage of 85.7V”, 1995 Symposium on VLSI Technology, Technical Digest, pp.131-132 (1995). Unfortunately, the techniques disclosed in these articles may not be useful in developing BJTs having both high cutoff frequency fT and high maximum oscillating frequency f_(max).

In order to simultaneously improve the cutoff frequency and the maximum oscillating frequency of a BJT, it may be necessary to optimize the diffusion profile of extrinsic base region dopants diffused from a polysilicon base electrode. For example, if the extrinsic base region dopants are diffused to define a large extrinsic base region, the base-collector junction capacitance may increase and limit the cutoff frequency. However, if the extrinsic base region dopants are diffused to define a small extrinsic base region, the base resistance may increase to a level that is too high.

Other techniques for forming BJTs are disclosed in an article by Mamoru Ugajin et al., entitled “Very-High f_(T) and f_(max) Silicon Bipolar Transistors Using Ultra-High-Performance Super Self-Aligned Process Technology for Low-Energy and Ultra-High-Speed LSI's”, IEDM Technical Digest, pp. 735-738, (1995). In this article, emphasis is placed on reducing lateral dimensions in order to reduce base-collector junction capacitance and base resistance and increase f_(T). The f_(max) of the BJT disclosed in this article was also reported as being twice as large as the f_(max) disclosed in an article by Chikara Yamaguchi et al., entitled “0.5-um Bipolar Technology Using a New Base Formation Method: SST1C”, IEEE Proceedings of the Bipolar Circuits and Technology Meeting, pp. 63-66, (1993).

FIGS. 1-2 illustrate a conventional bipolar junction transistor, as described in the aforementioned Ugajin et al. article. In particular, FIGS. 1-2 illustrate a bipolar junction transistor having an N+ epitaxial intrinsic collector region 13 that is formed on a buried extrinsic collector layer 11 within a P-type substrate 10. Field oxide isolation regions 15 are also formed in the substrate 10, as illustrated. Electrical isolation is also provided by a plurality of trench-based isolation regions that include an oxide layer 19 lining the trenches 17 and highly-doped channel-stop regions 18 at the bottoms of the trenches. The trench-based isolation regions also include polysilicon regions 21 that act as floating field rings. An N+ polysilicon collector contact 33 is also provided on the buried layer 11 and P+ polysilicon base electrodes 23 are provided on the field oxide isolation regions 15. The illustrated bipolar junction transistor also includes first and second interlayer insulating layers 25 and 37, an emitter electrode 31, intermediate emitter, base and collector contacts 51, 53 and 55 (which may comprise tungsten) and emitter, base and collector wiring layers 52, 54 and 56.

Referring now to FIG. 2, region A within FIG. 1 is illustrated in greater detail. As illustrated by FIG. 2, the bipolar junction transistor also includes an emitter region 41, an intrinsic base region 43 and an extrinsic base region 42. The extrinsic base region 42 may be formed as a selfaligned region by diffusing dopants from the polysilicon base electrode 23 into the intrinsic collector region 13. As illustrated, the width of the extrinsic base region 42 may be dependent on the width W2 of the contact formed between the polysilicon base electrode 23 and the intrinsic collector region 13. The first interlayer insulating layer 25 may comprise silicon nitride and sidewall spacers 29 may be formed on sidewalls of the polysilicon base electrode 23, as illustrated. The polysilicon emitter electrode 31 may also be formed in the opening 27 (having a width W1) between the sidewall spacers 29. Emitter region dopants can also be diffused from the emitter electrode 31 into the intrinsic base region 43, to define a self-aligned emitter region 41. Unfortunately, because the patterning of the polysilicon base electrodes 23 typically requires a critical photolithographically defined masking and patterning step, the width of the opening W1 and therefore the width of the intrinsic base region 43 and emitter region 41 may be relatively large. Such large dimensions may result in relatively large parasitic capacitance and may limit integration and the maximum oscillating frequency f_(max).

Thus, notwithstanding the above-described bipolar junction transistors and methods of forming bipolar junction transistors, there continues to be a need for more highly integrated bipolar junction transistors having improved electrical characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide bipolar junction transistors having improved electrical characteristics and improved methods of forming bipolar junction transistors.

It is another object of the present invention to provide highly integrated bipolar junction transistors and methods of forming highly integrated bipolar junction transistors.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide methods of forming bipolar junction transistors that utilize self-alignment techniques to more accurately control the dimensions of critical regions within the transistor.

These and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention are provided by bipolar junction transistors that utilize trench-based base electrodes and lateral base electrode extensions to facilitate the use of preferred self-alignment processing techniques. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a bipolar junction transistor is provided that includes an intrinsic collector region of first conductivity type (e.g., N-type) in a semiconductor substrate. A trench (e.g., ring-shaped trench) is also provided in the substrate. This trench extends adjacent the intrinsic collector region. According to a preferred aspect of the present invention, a base electrode of second conductivity type (e.g., P-type) is provided in the trench and a base region of second conductivity type is provided in the intrinsic collector region. This base region is self-aligned to the base electrode and forms a P-N rectifying junction with the intrinsic collector region. An emitter region of first conductivity type is also provided in the base region and forms a P-N rectifying junction therewith. To reduce lateral dimensions and reliance on critical photolithographically defined masking steps, the base electrode is formed to have a lateral base electrode extension that extends along a surface of the substrate. When formed, both the base region and emitter region are self-aligned to the base electrode extension. A trench insulating layer is also disposed in the trench, between the base electrode and the intrinsic collector region. The base region is also configured as an extrinsic base region of second conductivity type that is self-aligned to the base electrode and an intrinsic base region of second conductivity type that is self-aligned to a sidewall of the base electrode extension. The emitter region is also preferably self-aligned to the sidewall of the base electrode extension.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, preferred methods of forming bipolar junction transistors include the steps of forming a trench in a semiconductor substrate having an intrinsic collector region of first conductivity type therein and then forming a base electrode of second conductivity type in the trench. A base region of second conductivity type and an emitter region of first conductivity type are both formed in the intrinsic collector region in a self-aligned manner. In particular, the preferred self-alignment technique utilizes steps of forming an electrically insulating masking layer as a composite of a nitride layer and an oxide layer, on the semiconductor substrate, and then etching the semiconductor substrate to define the trench, using the electrically insulating masking layer as an etching mask. After the trench has been formed, the nitride layer (or oxide layer) is selectively etched to define a lateral recess within the electrically insulating masking layer. The base electrode is then formed by depositing a layer of polysilicon of second conductivity type in the trench and in the lateral recess. Dopants of second conductivity type are then diffused from the base electrode into the intrinsic collector region, to define an extrinsic base region therein. Based on this sequence of steps, the extrinsic base region becomes self-aligned to the lateral recess within the electrically insulating masking layer and the dimensions of this lateral recess can be defined by carefully controlled etching techniques instead of critical photolithographic alignment techniques. The emitter region is also self-aligned to the base electrode. The emitter region is preferably formed by etching the electrically insulating masking layer, using the base electrode as an etching mask and then forming an electrically insulating sidewall spacer on a sidewall of the base electrode. A polysilicon emitter electrode of first conductivity type is then formed on the electrically insulating sidewall spacer. Dopants of first conductivity type are then diffused from the polysilicon emitter electrode into the intrinsic collector region to define the emitter region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit bipolar junction transistor according to the prior art.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of region A highlighted in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit bipolar junction transistor according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4--13 are cross-sectional views of intermediate structures that illustrate preferred methods of forming the integrated circuit bipolar junction transistor of FIG. 3.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, the thickness of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. It will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “on” another layer or substrate, it can be directly on the other layer or substrate, or intervening layers may also be present. However, when a layer or region is described as being “directly on” another layer or region, no intervening layers or regions are present. Moreover, the terms “first conductivity type” and “second conductivity type” refer to opposite conductivity types such as N or P-type, however, each embodiment described and illustrated herein includes its complementary embodiment as well. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

Referring now to FIGS. 4-13, preferred methods of forming integrated circuit bipolar junction transistors according to the present invention will be described. In particular, FIG. 4 illustrates the steps of providing a semiconductor substrate 10 having a relatively highly doped buried layer 11 of first conductivity type (e.g., N-type) thereon. As illustrated, the semiconductor substrate 10 may comprise a second conductivity type substrate (P-sub), however, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, the buried layer 11 may be provided in a second conductivity type (e.g., P-type) well region within an N-type substrate or wafer. Using conventional techniques, an epitaxial layer 13 of first conductivity type may also be provided on the buried layer 11. As described more fully hereinbelow, the doping concentration within the epitaxial layer 13 is preferably set at a level to provide excellent intrinsic collector characteristics in the resulting bipolar junction transistor. The doping concentration within the buried layer 11 is also preferably set at a level to provide excellent extrinsic collector characteristics (e.g., low resistance) since the buried layer 11 will act as an extrinsic collector region.

Conventional field oxide isolation techniques are then performed to define a plurality of field oxide isolation regions 15 and 16 in the epitaxial layer 13. Such techniques may include self-aligned planar oxidation technology (SPOT), for example. A composite electrically insulating layer (not shown) is then formed on the epitaxial layer 13 and on the field oxide isolation regions 15 and 16. The composite electrically insulating layer may comprise an underlying pad oxide layer that is formed directly on the exposed upper surface of the epitaxial layer 13, an intermediate nitride layer on the pad oxide layer and an upper oxide layer on the intermediate nitride layer. The upper oxide layer may be formed using such techniques as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), for example. A photoresist mask may then be patterned on the upper oxide layer using conventional photolithography steps. Next, an etching step may be performed to etch through the composite electrically insulating layer and the underlying field oxide isolation region 15. This etching step may result in the exposure of a portion of the epitaxial layer 13 extending underneath the field oxide isolation region 15. The composite electrically insulating layer is then used as an etching mask during the step of etching a deep isolation trench 17. As illustrated, this deep isolation trench 17 may extend through the epitaxial layer 13 and the buried layer 11 and into the underlying substrate 10. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the isolation trenches 17 illustrated in cross-section on the left and right sides of FIG. 4 may comprise a single ring-shaped trench or separate stripe-shaped trenches that extend in a third dimension (not shown), for example.

Referring still to FIG. 4, relatively highly doped channel-stop regions 18 of second conductivity type (e.g., P+) are then formed adjacent the bottoms of the isolation trenches 17. These channel-stop regions 18 may be formed using conventional ion implantation techniques. An electrically insulating layer 19 (e.g., thermal oxide layer) is then formed on sidewalls of the isolation trenches 17, as illustrated. The electrically insulating layer 19 may also comprise a composite of a thermal oxide layer and a nitride layer, for example. The isolation trenches 17 are then preferably filled with undoped polysilicon regions 21 that act as field rings. A thermal oxidation step may then be performed to oxidize upper portions of the polysilicon regions 21 which fill the etched openings in the field oxide isolation region 15. Remaining portions of the composite electrically insulating layer (not shown) may then be removed from the surface of the epitaxial layer 13, using conventional etching techniques. Alternatively, the underlying pad oxide layer within the composite electrically insulating layer may not be removed.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a thermal oxide layer 61 may then be formed on the epitaxial layer 13, as illustrated. A relatively highly doped collector contact region 63 of first conductivity type (e.g., N+) may then be formed in the epitaxial layer 13. In particular, a photolithographically defined mask (not shown) may be formed on the field oxide isolation regions 15 and 16 and on the thermal oxide layer 61, and then first conductivity type dopants may be selectively implanted into the epitaxial layer at a high dose and energy level. A thermal treatment step may then be performed to drive-in and diffuse the implanted dopants within the epitaxial layer 13 and define the collector contact region 63 which forms a non-rectifying junction with the buried layer 11 of first conductivity type.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a second composite electrically insulating layer is then formed on the structure of FIG. 5, as illustrated. As illustrated, this second composite electrically insulating layer may comprise a nitride-oxide-nitride-oxide (NONO) composite including a first nitride layer 65, a first oxide layer 67, a second nitride layer 69 and a second oxide layer 71. Alternatively, the second composite electrically insulating layer may comprise an oxide-nitride-oxide-nitride (ONON) composite. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the nitride and oxide layers preferably have different etching selectivities that, as described more fully hereinbelow, can be advantageously utilized to provide bipolar junction transistors having improved electrical characteristics.

A photoresist layer 73 is then formed on the second composite electrically insulating layer and patterned using conventional techniques. The second composite electrically insulating layer and thermal oxide layer 61 are then sequentially etched to expose the epitaxial layer 13. The epitaxial layer 13 is then etched selectively to define a plurality of trenches 75, when viewed in transverse cross-section. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the plurality of trenches 75 may be located at opposing sides of a continuous ring-shaped trench. The duration of the step to etch the epitaxial layer 13 is preferably chosen so that the buried layer 11 is not exposed.

Referring now to FIG. 7, the patterned photoresist layer 73 is removed and then an oxide layer 77 is formed on sidewalls and bottoms of the trenches 75. This oxide layer 77 may comprise a thermal oxide layer in order to remove etching damage to the sidewalls and bottoms of the trenches. Alternatively, the oxide layer 77 may be deposited using such techniques as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). As illustrated by FIG. 8, a carefully controlled wet etching step may then be performed to laterally etch the nitride layers 65 and 69 within the second composite electrically insulating layer, in a selective manner. Alternatively, the oxide layers may be selectively etched in the event the second composite electrically insulating layer comprises an ONON composite instead of an NONO composite.

Because of the high degree of etching selectivity that can be achieved between oxide and nitride layers using conventional etchants, lateral recesses 78 a and 78 b may be formed when exposed sidewalls of the nitride layers 65 and 69 are etched at a relatively high rate relative to the rate at which the exposed oxide layers and regions 71, 67, 15, 16 and 77 are etched. These lateral recesses may have widths W5 and W6, as illustrated, where W5 equals W6. As described more fully hereinbelow, the lateral dimensions of these recesses will influence the sizes of the subsequently formed extrinsic base region and emitter region. In other words, the duration of the wet etching step and the etching characteristics (composition, thickness, etc.) of the nitride layers 65 and 69 being etched with a particular etchant can be used to carefully control the lateral dimensions of the extrinsic base region and emitter region (and also achieve symmetry). Such lateral dimension control may be more accurate than that achievable with direct photolithographically defined masking and patterning steps. In other words, highly precise and expensive photolithography techniques may not be absolutely necessary when using the techniques of the present invention. Moreover, bipolar transistors having more highly integrated base and emitter regions can be achieved using the preferred self-aligned lateral etching techniques.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a relatively short duration oxide etching step may then be performed to selectively remove exposed portions of the thermal oxide layer 61 within the recesses and expose portions of the epitaxial layer 13. A relatively highly doped blanket polysilicon layer of second conductivity type may then be deposited to fill the trenches 75 and the lateral recesses 78 a and 78 b. A thermal treatment step may then be performed to diffuse second conductivity type dopants from the polysilicon layer into the epitaxial layer 13 to define a self-aligned and highly doped extrinsic base region 81 therein. Although illustrated as separate regions, this extrinsic base region 81 may be a single continuous ring-shaped region. A conventional etch-back step may then be performed on the blanket polysilicon layer to define a trench-based polysilicon base electrode 79 having lateral base electrode extensions 79 b that contact the extrinsic base region 81. During this etch-back step, polysilicon inserts 79 a may also be defined. As illustrated, these inserts 79 a are electrically disconnected from the trench-based polysilicon base electrode 79. Then, as illustrated by FIG. 10, the second oxide layer 71 is selectively etched to expose the second nitride layer 69 and then another selective etching step is performed to etch the second nitride layer 69 but not the polysilicon inserts 79 a. This latter etching step results in the exposure of the first oxide layer 67. The first oxide layer 67 is then anisotropically etched using the polysilicon inserts 79 a as an etching mask. The first nitride layer 65 is then dry-etched or isotropically etched to expose the thermal oxide layer 61 in the opening 80 defined by sidewalls of the remaining portions of the first oxide layer 67 and polysilicon inserts 79 a. Although less preferred, the first nitride layer 65 may also be etched after patterning a photolithographically defined etching mask (not shown).

Referring now to FIG. 11, a self-aligned intrinsic base region 83 is formed by implanting second conductivity type dopants (e.g., boron) through the opening 80 (and thermal oxide layer) and into the epitaxial layer 13. A subsequent thermal treatment step (e.g., annealing) may then be performed to drive-in and diffuse the implanted base region dopants so that a non-rectifying junction is formed between the intrinsic base region 83 and the extrinsic base region 81. A blanket electrically insulating layer is then deposited on the structure of FIG. 11. As illustrated by FIG. 12, this blanket electrically insulating layer is then etched-back using an anisotropic reactive ion etching process, for example, to define a plurality of electrically insulating sidewall spacers 85 and 86. In particular, an electrically insulating sidewall spacer 85 is formed in the opening 80 and on a sidewall of the trench-based polysilicon base electrode 79, a sidewall of the first oxide layer 67 and on a sidewall of the polysilicon insert 79 a. The thermal oxide layer 61 may then be etched to expose the intrinsic base region 83. A highly doped polysilicon layer of first conductivity type (e.g., N+) is then deposited and patterned to define an emitter electrode 87. As illustrated, the emitter electrode 87 may electrically contact and cover upper surfaces of the polysilicon inserts 79 a.

A thermal treatment step may then be performed so that first conductivity type dopants (e.g., As, Sb, P) within the emitter electrode 87 diffuse into the intrinsic base region 83 and define a highly doped self-aligned emitter region 89 therein, as illustrated. Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 13, an electrically insulating passivation layer 91 is then deposited onto the structure of FIG. 12 using conventional techniques. Contact holes are then formed in the passivation layer 91 to expose the polysilicon base electrode 79, the polysilicon emitter electrode 87, and the collector contact region 63. Conductive plugs 93, 95 and 97 which comprise a material such as tungsten, are then formed in the contact holes, as illustrated. A blanket layer of metallization may then be deposited and patterned to define an emitter wiring pattern 94, a base wiring pattern 96 and a collector wiring pattern 98.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a bipolar junction transistor, comprising the steps of: forming an electrically insulating masking layer as a composite of a first electrically insulating material layer and a second electrically insulating material layer on the first electrically insulating material layer, on a surface of a semiconductor substrate having an intrinsic collector region of first conductivity type therein; forming a trench that extends into the surface of the semiconductor substrate and into the intrinsic collector region, using the electrically insulating masking layer as an etching mask; selectively laterally etching the first electrically insulating material layer faster relative to the second electrically insulating material layer to define a lateral recess within the electrically insulating masking layer; then forming a base electrode of second conductivity type that extends in said trench and in the lateral recess; forming a base region of second conductivity type that is self-aligned to a portion of said base electrode extending in the lateral recess and forms a P-N rectifying junction with said intrinsic collector region; and forming an emitter region of first conductivity type that forms a P-N rectifying junction with said base region.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said step forming an electrically insulating masking layer comprises forming an electrically insulating masking layer as a composite of a nitride layer and an oxide layer, on the semiconductor substrate; wherein the first electrically insulating material layer comprises the nitride layer; and wherein said step of forming a base electrode comprises depositing a layer of polysilicon of second conductivity type in the trench and in the lateral recess.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said step of forming a base region comprises diffusing dopants of second conductivity type from the base electrode into the intrinsic collector region to define an extrinsic base region therein.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the extrinsic base region is self-aligned to the lateral recess within the electrically insulating masking layer.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said step of forming an emitter region comprises the steps of: etching the electrically insulating masking layer, using the base electrode as an etching mask; forming an electrically insulating sidewall spacer on a sidewall of the base electrode; forming a polysilicon emitter electrode of first conductivity type on the electrically insulating sidewall spacer; and diffusing dopants of first conductivity type from the polysilicon emitter electrode into the intrinsic collector region.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein said step of forming a base electrode is preceded by the step of lining a sidewall and a bottom of the trench with a trench oxide layer; and wherein the sidewall of the trench defines an interface between the trench oxide layer and the extrinsic base region.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of forming a trench comprises forming a ring-shaped trench in the semiconductor substrate; and wherein the bottom of the trench defines an interface between the intrinsic collector region and the trench oxide layer.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein said step of forming an electrically insulating sidewall spacer on a sidewall of the base electrode is preceded by the step of implanting intrinsic base region dopants of second conductivity type into the intrinsic collector region, using the base electrode as an implant mask.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said step of forming a base electrode is preceded by the step of lining a sidewall and a bottom of the trench with a trench oxide layer; and wherein the sidewall of the trench defines an interface between the trench oxide layer and the extrinsic base region.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said step of forming a trench comprises forming a ring-shaped trench in the semiconductor substrate; and wherein the bottom of the trench defines an interface between the intrinsic collector region and the trench oxide layer.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the semiconductor substrate has a buried extrinsic collector region of first conductivity type therein; and wherein said step of forming a trench is preceded by the step of forming a collector contact region of first conductivity type in the substrate by implanting collector contact dopants of first conductivity type into the substrate and then diffusing the collector contact dopants.
 12. A method of forming a bipolar junction transistor, comprising the steps of: forming an electrically insulating layer on a surface of a semiconductor substrate having an intrinsic collector region of first conductivity type therein extending to the surface; etching a trench into the surface semiconductor substrate and the intrinsic collector region, using the electrically insulating layer as an etching mask; etching a lateral recess in the electrically insulating layer; then forming a polysilicon base electrode of second conductivity type in the lateral recess and in the trench; forming an extrinsic base region in the intrinsic collector region by diffusing dopants of second conductivity type from the polysilicon base electrode into the intrinsic collector region; and forming an emitter region of first conductivity type in the intrinsic collector region.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the electrically insulating layer comprises a composite of a nitride insulating layer and an oxide insulating layer.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said step of etching a lateral recess in the electrically insulating layer is preceded by the step of etching the electrically insulating layer to expose a sidewall thereon; and wherein said step of etching a lateral recess in the electrically insulating layer comprises selectively etching the nitride insulating layer using an etchant that etches the nitride insulating layer at a higher rate than the oxide insulating layer.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said step of forming an emitter region is preceded by the step of forming an intrinsic base region of second conductivity type that is self-aligned to the polysilicon base electrode, in the intrinsic collector region.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said step of forming an intrinsic base region comprises implanting dopants of second conductivity type into the intrinsic collector region, using the polysilicon base electrode as an implant mask.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of forming an intrinsic base region is preceded by the step of etching the electrically insulating layer to define an emitter contact hole therein, using the polysilicon base electrode as an etching mask.
 18. A method of forming a bipolar junction transistor, comprising the steps of: forming a first electrically insulating layer on a surface of a semiconductor substrate; forming an electrically insulating masking layer on the first electrically insulating layer; etching a trench in the semiconductor substrate, using the electrically insulating masking layer as an etching mask; forming a second electrically insulating layer that is thicker than the first electrically insulating layer, on a sidewall of the trench; etching a lateral recess in the electrically insulating masking layer to expose a portion of the first electrically insulating layer; etching the first and second electrically insulating layers simultaneously and for sufficient duration to expose a first portion of the surface within the lateral recess, but not expose the sidewall of the trench; forming a polysilicon base electrode that has base region dopants therein, extends into the trench and contacts the first portion of the surface within the recess; diffusing base region dopants from the polysilicon base electrode into a portion of the semiconductor substrate extending adjacent the trench; etching the electrically insulating masking layer to define a contact opening therein, using the polysilicon base electrode as an etching mask; and forming an emitter region that is self-aligned to the contact opening, in the semiconductor substrate.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said step of forming an emitter region is preceded by the step of implanting intrinsic base region dopants through the contact opening and into the semiconductor substrate to define an intrinsic base region therein.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically insulating layer comprises a composite of a nitride layer and an oxide layer; and wherein said step of etching a lateral recess comprises selectively etching the nitride layer at a faster rate than the oxide layer to define a recess extending between the oxide layer and the surface. 